Gender Roles in Utopian Societies Essay - 1310 Words

Although Utopian societies create an ideal sense of what society should be like, not all Utopian societies share the same beliefs when it comes to overall gender roles. The male may come off as the stronger, wiser individual, whereas the female is the more fragile character in the background. We wonder if the roles could reverse or how can these roles differ in certain societies. In Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, males play the dominant role when it comes to society, whereas in Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy focuses on female-dominated aspects of society. Utopia by Sir Thomas More depicts men to be the deciders when it comes to creating a family of their own. In the section Of Their Slaves and Of Their Marriages, More begins the idea of†¦show more content†¦It is interesting though when More says â€Å"Yet if either of the injured persons cannot shake off the love of the married person, they may live with them still in that state, but they must follow them to that lab our to which the slaves are condemned† (92-93), meaning that if the person who was cheated still loves the cheater, they can go off and be a slave with them. More’s Utopia may give off the stigma of males being the typical person in charge, but Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward switches that idea around. Julian West wakes from a deep sleep to find out his society has completely changed; Doctor Leete, who found West in his sleep, updates him on all the changes. At one point, West asks if female roles have made any changes; Leete tells him that their roles have evolved. Leete tells West: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœOur women, as well as our men, are members of the industrial army, and leave it only when maternal duties claim them. The result is that most women, at one time or another of their lives, serve industrially some five or ten or fifteen years, while those who have no children fill out the full term’† (Bellamy, 267). Women are now working and making t heir own decisions; they can still be mothers when they need to be. And if the woman does not want to get married, she doesn’t have to, whereas in Utopia, a woman or man was imprisonedShow MoreRelatedThe Utopian Society : A Utopian State1296 Words   |  6 Pages A utopian world is one that is different from person to person and given the ideology that one attains, the utopian state doesn’t fit all individuals. In my socially just utopian society, women have the same rights as every man that walks this earth. 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Different Perspectives in Psychology Coexist Rather Than Conflict Free Essays

string(155) " the potential for conflict between the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives is revealed in how they view meaning as the object of knowledge\." This paper approaches the topic from a consideration of psychological research in the fields of sex and gender and language. It does so in general terms and avoids discussion at levels of detail. Therefore where a reference is made to specific research the intention is to do no more than exemplify a general principle. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Perspectives in Psychology Coexist Rather Than Conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper will conclude that different perspectives in psychology do at times co-exist, though complement and conflict are frequent. It will suggest the lack of a decisive answer is a result of the relative immaturity of Psychology as a discipline and a concomitant lack of adequately powerful theories that might serve to unite otherwise disparate perspectives. A consideration of how psychology approaches the study of sex and gender reveals, amongst others, four significant theoretical perspectives that are for the most part quite distinct in terms of their objects of knowledge and consequent methods of analysis. Biological psychology is concerned with explaining the differences between male and female in terms of hormones, genes and brain structure. It is mechanistic, with a strong empirical tradition. Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain differences between sexes in terms of behavioural selection for reproductive fitness. Whilst in large part necessarily theoretical, it embraces empirical methods as a means of testing theories. Social constructionist psychology approaches sex and gender through the study of discourse in various historical, cultural and social contexts and so is hermeneutic. Finally psychoanalytic psychology primarily uses clinical observation and the study of infants to gather evidence of how humans acquire and develop a sense of sex and gender (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 127ff). (6) The immediate impression from the above is that the scope for complement, conflict or co-existence is not clear-cut. Given that they do not share common objects of knowledge, the hope might be for complementary theories that together contribute to a broad understanding. Certainly the biological and evolutionary perspectives appear complementary at the theoretical level n that both regard biological sex as the determinant of gender and view differences between sexes as biological features that have been selected for during evolution. However, biological psychology attempts to explain differences in male-female psychology in terms of selected physiological characteristics, for example dimorphism in brain structures (cf. Hofman and Swaab, 1991, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 139). On the other hand the evolutionary psychologist would principally argue in favour of selected behavioural characteristics such as differences between male and female sexual attitudes (cf. Clark and Hatfield, 1989, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 146). There is thus an apparent conflict at the level of analysis. It is therefore ironic that evolutionary psychology must perforce co-exist with biological psychology since, given the understandable constraints on its ability to conduct the sorts of empirical investigations that might be wished for (cf. Herrnstein-Smith, 2000, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 173), it is dependent on a certain amount of corroboration from the biological perspective, amongst others (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 84). (22) Whereas the biological and evolutionary perspectives agree that biological sex lies at the heart of explaining gender, the social constructionist perspective explicitly rejects that view; sometimes for political reasons (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 185; see Spence, 1984 and Spender, 1980). Social constructionism regards both sex and gender as characteristics that are revealed only through discourse and action. They are a consequence of the individual’s behaviour and e xperience in a given cultural, social and historical context (ibid). The depth of the conflict is exemplified by a comparison of evolutionary studies that emphasise cross-cultural stability in particular sexual preferences (cf. Singh 1995, p. 148; Buss and Schmitt, 1993, p. 148, cited in Holloway et al, 2007) and social constructionist ideas such as Bem’s (1994, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 153) Gender Schema Theory. Crucially, for the social constructionist gender is something that is continually re-established throughout the lifetime of the individual (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 153). From the biological and evolutionary perspectives, it is predetermined. 33) Whilst the psychodynamic perspective largely complements the social constructionist, in terms of its interpretive or hermeneutic methodology, its explanations largely focus on the unconscious given that its objects of study entail â€Å"the meaning of the biological differences between men and women and how these become internalised in the child’s mind† (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 184). Thus both the social constructionist and psychoanalytic perspectives conflict with the biological and evolutionary approaches at the methodological level. Uniquely however (ibid, p. 86) the psychodynamic perspective recognises both biological and cultural contributions to it’s theorising. It is not without its share of conflict however. Within the perspective, Freudian notions of the opposite sexed p arent as ‘sexual object of choice’ and ‘penis envy’ (ibid, p. 161f) quickly came under scrutiny of female and feminist psychologists (cf. Horney, 1926, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 163). There is also conflict with evolutionary explanations of rape as an adaptive strategy (compare Thornhill and Palmer, 2000 and Rose and Rose, 2000 cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 71, p. 172). (26) Turning to a consideration of the study of language and meaning, one finds an equally intriguing mix of potential co-existence, complement and conflict when comparing the three principal perspectives. The evolutionary perspective sets out to explore the origins of language and its implications for the human species; the cognitive perspective adopts an information processing approach to the transmission of meaning; and the social constructionist perspective focuses on â€Å"meaning making† as a dynamic between interlocutors (cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 119). It is possible therefore to view the three perspectives as at least co-existent. Their objects of knowledge are different and one might expect their cumulative product to contribute to some sort of unified theory. Indeed, from the evolutionary perspective Deacon (1997, Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 115) suggests that language is a social phenomenon that defies explanation only in psychological, or only in neuro-biological terms. (9) However, the potential for conflict between the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives is revealed in how they view meaning as the object of knowledge. You read "Different Perspectives in Psychology Coexist Rather Than Conflict" in category "Papers" For the former it is something that is constructed internally by the individual prior to transmission, and subsequently reconstructed by the audience. For the latter it is negotiated as a result of discourse between individuals – meaning emerges as the result of a complex interplay of intentions, interpretations and power-relations. Thus, there is cause for disagreement as to what â€Å"meaning† is and where it comes from (cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 102). That this is adequate to justify a claim of conflict seems weak since the types of â€Å"meaning† espoused by the two perspectives are themselves different. Further, at the level of common sense they are mutually sustaining. The very notion of discourse requires at least two participants seeking, though perhaps not achieving, a consensus of meaning. This demands that at some level each participant is cognising about their intended meaning and how the other is construing it. The implication is that the two perspectives ought to complement the other, or at least co-exist. (6) A key social constructionist argument against a purist cognitive perspective is that linguistic (and other cognitive) processes cannot be â€Å"transparently reported† (cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 11). This argument is one that cognitive researchers have long acknowledged. Commenting on early research into the cognitive modelling of language Boden (1977, pp. 113ff, et passim) notes that a person’s understanding of language in a given instance is dependent, not simply on their knowledge of the world around them, but crucially on their understanding of their relationship with their interlocutors. Other researchers emphasise the point (cf. Sperber and Wilson, 1986, cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 99). For their part, social constructionists such as Edwards et al (1992, p. 42, cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 112) recognise the importance of the cognitive perspective and suggest only that theirs is a new perspective that offers different insights. Therefore, unless a researcher is determined to hold to one or the other perspective as a matter of purist dogma, it seems more reasonable given the disparate loci of the respective objects of knowledge and the statements that each perspective favourably acknowledges the other, then the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives are thus far co-existent. (32) Within the evolutionary perspective there is a debate as to whether language evolved as an adaptational advantage and was the foundation for other cognitive abilities (Pinker, 2000 cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 121), or as a consequence of selection for an ability to form and manipulate predictive metarepresentations (Sperber, 2000 cited in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 121). These are polarised and conflicting views. Pinker’s would complement the cognitive perspective with its emphasis on information processing, whilst Sperber would complement the social constructionist. However, Deacon (1997) offers evidence that both capacities evolved in parallel. If he is correct, then there are substantial grounds for seeking a complementary accommodation between the cognitive and social constructionist paradigms. (6) Even from this scant evaluation, one is struck by the disparate objects of knowledge, types of theory and methodologies. The inevitable conclusion is that psychology is characterised by perspectives that at one or more of these levels conflict, co-exist or complement. One might wish for a parallel to the cosmologist’s search for a Unified Theory of Matter; where although theories might diverge cosmology has one over-arching object of study and one comprehensive methodology in computational empiricism. Psychologists do not stand on such substantial bedrock. The questions they pose are often difficult to formulate computationally without reducing the predictive power of any solution, or indeed are abstractions that cannot be treated computationally without trivialising them (see Sundem, 2006 for amusing examples). Whereas the history of physics can be measured in thousands of years, psychology as a recognisable discipline has existed for just over a century. A sense of internal conflict muted by convenient co-existence and fortunate complement should not therefore come as a disappointment. It is merely an acknowledgement that psychology is still an emerging and diverse field, and that whatever conflict exists can reasonably be attributed to a lack of sufficiently powerful theories with which to reconcile the different perspectives. This essay focuses on the social perspective of psychology referring Language nd Meaning and Gender and Sex. It deals with the relationship between psychological theory and method in a range of material in both chapters, with particular attention to how social influences shape human development and behaviour. Language and Meaning ‘Language and meaning’, is used to describe a social constructionist approach to language. There are several ways in which th e social perspective has promoted understanding in this area. There are primarily two different psychological perspectives on language: cognitive and social. These approaches take evidence from different research bodies, each of which have a different focus As social beings, we continuously interact with other people, thinking about our use of language and how it may best serve us. The social constructionist perspective sees language as a way of creating meaning between individuals as they interact. The social psychological perspective defines the human world as being created through language, making it one of its most powerful and important features. This approach to language sees people using language to take action and achieve objectives. Language is seen as a means by which goals might be achieved. The social psychological approaches to language therefore focuses on understanding language and its meanings as a social process. It sees language as an interactive process between people. It is seen as social because it involves this very interaction, and it is through this social interaction that meaning is created. Social psychology argues that there is more to language than the knowledge of syntax, semantics, phonics and coding and other rules of language, even if these are described as being interactive within a cognitive approach. This argument helps define the contrast between social psychological and cognitive approaches to language. In social psychological perspectives, the purpose of language is not to reflect thoughts and emotions and convey them neutrally to someone else. Instead, the motivation for language is defined by the desired action brought about by the use of language. Social psychological approaches to language do not place meaning inherently in the constructions of language such as lexicon, grammar or semantics in the same way as cognitive approaches do. One of the methodological complexities involved in researching language is that we must use language itself as the means by which we research it as a subject in its own right. This issue is at the centre of the tension that exists between cognitive and social approaches to language. The paradox here is that the necessity of responding in language may predetermine what is said about language. The cognitive perspective assumes that there are separate cognitive processes that language can represent in communication to others, or in dialogue with the self. The accuracy of this depends upon how closely language communicates the cognition behind it. Cognitive psychologists believe that the thinking that underlies language can be studied accurately and in social isolation. However, discursive psychology argues that, when people use language, they do so in a social context, with an audience and for a reason. The social constructionist approach views language as the means for the socially produced meaning. It is the means by which people construct their world, interact with others and set out to achieve their objectives. The cognitive approach sees language as the part of the cerebral information processing. It can be argued that meaning is generated by people as they communicate. There is therefore a tension between the social constructionist and cognitive perspectives with respect to meaning and whether it is communicated between people or constructed between them. The social constructionist perspective on language is that it is a tool for social interaction. These different views of language have different implications – the cognitive perspective is that language underpins human thought. The social constructionist approach has no particular implication for the relationship of language to thought as it places language firmly within a socially constructed context. Sex and Gender ‘The psychology of sex and gender’, is used to refer to the social constructionist approach to sex and gender. There are several ways in which the social perspective has promoted understanding this area. With respect to the two terms (sex and gender), there is a distinction between the biological and the social. However, biological sex may also be expressed in behaviour that is influenced by social factors and psychological meanings. Therefore, as labels, sex and gender may only be useful as theoretical constructs. However, gender is usually taken to refer to social constructs that pertain to biological differences. These sex differences can be the result of interactions between biological, psychological and social processes. Social constructionist psychology looks at how sex and gender have been constructed within particular social contexts. It examines these social constructions and their influences. The social constructionist perspective is based upon the theory that the construction of meaning through language and social practices as discussed in the section above has produced patterns of behaviour, cognition and emotions that are gender-differentiated. Social constructionism argues that behaviour cannot be directly explained solely by biological, reproductive sex. It also argues that the world is constructed to have two biological types (male and female) who have many diverse social and behavioural manifestations. This suggests that the many discourses of masculinity and femininity are socially produced. Social constructionism sees reproductive sex as being the visible difference between the sexes that provides the basis for a range of socially constructed gender differences. According to this perspective, biological sex is not central to explaining gender identity, but is a visible indicator to which a range of socially constructed gender differences are attached. Discourses about masculinity and femininity are therefore used by individuals to create their own gendered positionality. Gender is seen as being constructed throughout life, as behaviour and experience is defined through cultural manifestations of gender. Evolutionary psychologists also acknowledge social influences on sexual behaviour. However, they provide no systematic way explaining this in their experimental approach. The strength of the social constructionist approach to gender is its ability to take into account the social and cultural contexts of individuals. Evolutionary psychology however does offer some explanation of the origins of gender difference. The social constructionist perspective argues that sex is not central to explaining gender differences. Evolutionary and social constructionist perspectives have contrasting ideas about the relationship between sex and gender. Psychoanalytic psychology takes a different approach to social constructionism’s emphasis on external influences in determining people’s behaviour. However, both social constructionism and psychoanalysis are based upon the interpretation of meaning. Unlike evolutionary psychology, psychoanalysis, in common with social constructionist psychology, believe that the researcher’s positionality and subjectivity is inevitably involved in research. The onset of puberty is an example of the convergence of biological, psychoanalytic and social constructionist perspectives. The psychoanalytic and social constructionist approaches use methods that consider people’s beliefs and experiences, and focus on the interpretation of meaning by relying on the interpretation of symbolic data. The social constructionist perspective examines the importance of culture in the construction of gender. The psychoanalytic perspective acknowledges both the importance of biological difference and the social and cultural meanings inherent in this difference. The social constructionist and psychodynamic perspectives may be seen as complementary to each other in terms of methodology, as both use approaches are based on a hermeneutic theory to understand the meanings of gender. Conclusion The social constructionist perspective underpins discursive psychological theories of meaning as emerging from context and interaction. Although the social perspective goes some way to addressing the influences of language and gender issues, there are some aspects which are also given a different perspective by other approaches. This can be seen in the sometimes useful linguistics frameworks of syntax, phonics, semantics etc. which is adopted by cognitive psychologists. In some instances the social perspective complements other perspectives. Such an example is psychoanalysis in the area of sex and gender. However, in other instances it more commonly just co-exists, for example in the case of social constructivism and evolutionary psychology. Social constructivism is in clear conflict with the cognitive perspective in the area of language as illustrated and argued above. Cognitive and social constructionist perspectives make conflicting assumptions about communication. How to cite Different Perspectives in Psychology Coexist Rather Than Conflict, Papers

Composition of Hydrates Essay Example For Students

Composition of Hydrates Essay Abstract The purpose of this lab was to study the composition of hydrates. Hydrates are ionic compounds that are chemical compositions made of water and salt. A main objective was to remove water from the hydrate by heating, and determine the amount of water that was in the hydrate. After doing this, one had to predict the empirical formula for hydrated copper sulfate. In doing this lab, one was able to see the gradual change in the composition of a hydrate into an anhydrous salt. The lab was carried out with numerous steps. First, one had to safely prepare by putting on goggles. One then had to wash and heat the dish with the flame for about three minutes. After allowing the dish to cool, one had to weigh the evaporating dish and record the weight. Two to three grams of copper sulfate hydrate was then added to the dish and weighed. One then heated the dish until the copper sulfate hydrate’s blue color became an off-white color. After the dish cooled, one took the mass of the dish and recorded it. One then cleaned up the lab table and had their data sheet signed. There were three specific results to the lab. After completing the lab one found the percent of water in the hydrate. The percent water came out to be 36. 7%. One then proceeded to calculate the empirical formula. The empirical formula was CuSO4 * 5H2O. Lastly, one found the percent error of the lab. The percent error was 9%.

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The Importance of Social Ranking in Michael Moore's Roger and Me Michael Moore's film, Roger and Me is about the closing of several General Motors plants in Flint, Michigan and the effects that the situation imposes on Flint's citizens. Throughout the movie, Moore, the director and narrator, tries to reach Roger Smith, chairman of GM, to let him understand Flint's suffering and devastation. Flint, after all, is the birthplace of General Motors. The citizens therefore feel that Roger Smith owes it to Flint to keep the plants alive. The story begins as an autobiographical film about Michael Moore. It explains how growing up in Flint, Moore never realized the significance of GM to the town. Nevertheless, he soon learns that the town's entire economy is based on General Motors. Moore's film utilizes various narrative techniques to emphasize that only an elite few have control over issues that may affect others whose voices are ignored. The use of major figures, point of view, and overall tone help him to make his argument. Moore's film is told from a first person perspective which allows the viewer to sympathize for the narrator. Moore is presented in the film as the main character while he continues to play the role of an insignificant individual: himself. Though Moore is a part of the community of Flint, he can still be described as an underdog. He is an average, unattractive, and poorly dressed man. Taking advantage of his ordinariness, Moore represents the everyday citizen of Flint who has to succumb to policies and standards set by the ?cr?me de la cr?me? of Flint. An intriguing part of the film in which the narrator represents himself as an average man is the scene in which Moore gets thrown out from a country club in which Roger Smith would allegedly be found. Access to the country club is reserved strictly for wealthy, ?significant? people, and Moore clearly does not fit this criteria. He also gets denied entrance to Roger Smith's office after many stubborn attempts. At one point, Moore gets a chance to speak with Smith by posing as a major shareholder in GM, but Smith ignores him after learning that Moore is an impostor. When Moore tries to interview a former spokesperson for a GM plant that was recently closed down, she refuses to be interviewed because Moore does not represent any major news network. Ironically enough, the woman is also an average ?nobody?. Moore chooses not to edit the rejections from his film in order to mock the way that people are brainwashed into only yielding to some and not to others based on their social ranking. He avoids his own appearance in the film while he still maintains a first person point of view. The overall tone of Moore's film further illustrates the ongoing struggle between the powerless and the dominant elite. Moore contrasts the lifestyle of the members of Flint's upper class with that of the rest of Flint and illustrates the apathetic attitudes of the rich towards the rest of Flint. He shows wealthy people attending parties, playing golf, and enjoying life without a worry in the world. In fact, some of them go as far as to accuse the poor of simply being lazy and choosing not to work. On the other hand, Moore's film helps the viewer to understand that the poor people of Flint are, in fact, trying to survive. Moore gives the viewer a look at the so-called ?lazy? people's attempts at making a new living. One lady, for example, decides to begin a business that determines the different colors of the clothes that people should wear based on the complexion of their skin. Moore describes the utter ridiculousness of her new business as well as that of another citizen of Flint w ho raises and sells rabbits. To further emphasize the unsuccessful efforts that the town is making to recover, Moore's film depicts several multi-million dollar projects aimed at attracting tourism to Flint. These efforts, needless to say, are done in vain. They still, however, help to prove that the rich people are wrong in saying that Flint is simply being lazy. In a town where poverty prevails, almost every way

Climate Data For Changchun Tourism Essays

Climate Data For Changchun Tourism Essays Climate Data For Changchun Tourism Essay Climate Data For Changchun Tourism Essay Changchun is the largest and capital metropolis of Jilin state in northeast China and North of the greatest political, economic and cultural centre. Changchun metropolis is situated at the bosom of Songliao fields in nor-east of China. Reform and gap policy make this metropolis integrate into the modern city and vivacious metropolis in recent old ages. The entire country of Changchun is 20,571 square kilometres, including municipal countries of 2,583 square kilometres, and the municipal constructed is 159 square kilometres. The metropolis is 250-350 metres above the sea degree ( Geographic Location, 2010 ) . The metropolis stands at the centre of the three nor-east states and at the mark point of the 3rd east-westward Europe-Asia Continental Bridge . The alone geographical conditions are pressing the winter athleticss development of Changchun metropolis. Changchun metropolis besides is one of the first and the most of import topographic point to transport out a broad scope of winter athleticss activities. In one-year twelvemonth, 1000000s of immature people on the ice and snow activities are become a tradition. A big figure of immature pupils are turning to backbone people and represent China take part the Asia Winter Games to make first-class consequences. Changchun is known as the SpringCity of the North due to its cosy clime characteristics.A Changchun, situated between the E humid cragged part and west sub-dry field, it has a Continental monsoon clime and belong to temperate part. The spring and fall are short and the conditions changes all the clip. The summer is warm and humid. The winter is long, cold and dry. Beginning: World Meteorological Organisation ( UN ) December 2009 The whole twelvemonth s mean temperature is 4.8 grades centigrade. The lowest temperature is -39.85 grades centigrade and the highest 39.5 degree centigrade. In summer, the soueaster prevails. Its one-year precipitation is in the scope between 522 and 615 millimeters, with 60 per cent falling in summer. The mean temperature in July is 23 grades centigrade. In fall, pleasant and mild conditions may last for yearss combined with more conspicuous temperature alterations and lower air current velocity than those in spring. Population and Employment Changchun has 7.5 million people are populating in the states and county degree metropoliss. In the urban territories, there have 3.58 million populations wholly. In Changchun, there are 3.761 million people employed in different economic sectors. Employees in the primary, secondary and third industries amounted to 1.343 million, 0.907 million and 1.511 million severally, accounting for 35.7 % , 24.1 % and 40.2 % of the entire population. The mean one-year wage of the local employee was RMB 15,722, it up 13.4 % from the old twelvemonth degree ( Changchun, 2010 ) . Economy Changchun achieved a GDP of RMB208.9 billion in 2007, holding increased two-fold over 5 old ages. The GDP per capita amounted to RMB 21,285 ( calculated by the entire figure of the registered lasting occupants in Changchun ) ; it s up 12.6 % than last twelvemonth. Financial expenditures totaled RMB 10.08 billion, up 17.4 % , of which, expenditures on substructure building, scientific discipline and engineering, contribution and societal public assistance every bit good as societal security increased 58 % , 8.7 % , 2.8 % and 36.1 % respectively.A Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) in the metropolis remains little merely US $ 1.69 billion was used in 2007 but is steadily increasing, demoing a 20 per centum rise from the old twelvemonth. In add-on, Changchun is situated at northeast Asia s geometric centre. It locates at south Liaodong peninsula coastline, north to Russia and east Europe, and E to South Korea west to Mongolia. Changchun is an of import transit and communicating hub of northeast China ( Basic Information of Economy, 2008 ) . Political Support By 2010, the metropolis s GDP will come up to RMB 300 billion, the GDP per capita to RMB 38,500, the urban occupants disposal income per capita to about RMB 15,000 and husbandmans cyberspace incomes per capita to about RMB 6,000. The registered unemployment rate will be controlled lower than 5 % ( The metropolis program, 2007 ) .A A In 2007, Changchun authorities invested 1.16 million RMB for hold the Asia Winter Games to retrace and restitute the velocity skating sphere of Jilin state, the Jilin skating sphere, Changchun Wuhuan sphere, Changchun curving sphere, Changchun Fuao ice hockey sphere and Jilin Beidahu lake ski resort. Education Changchun is one of well-known metropoliss of scientific discipline and instruction in China. The metropolis has 27 regular establishments of full-time third instruction and the figure of entire registration pupils is 160,000 million. Jilin University and Northeast Normal University self-praise of good repute in China. In footings of the good cultural atmosphere and modern instruction installations, this is a good topographic point for larning Citrus reticulata and Chinese have made Changchun go a favourite topographic point for foreign pupils. There are over 1,300 foreign pupils from more than 50 states analyzing at the local 18 colleges and universities ( Changchun authorities, 2008 ) . In recent old ages, Changchun athleticss projects great discoveries in bettering athleticss installations, developing public athleticss activities and advancing athletic degrees. The metropolis has a big graduated table bowl which can keep over 40,000 audiences and a secondary school with a entire adjustment capacity of over 10,000 people. Besides, Changchun besides has some modern ice and snow athleticss installations, such as ice hockey and velocity skating secondary schools, which lays a solid foundation for the metropolis to develop ice and snow athleticss. Until now, Changchun has hosted many of import athleticss events, for case the World Short-Track Speed Skating Competition, International Automobile Rallies and the 9th National Winter Sports Games. Furthermore, other tourneies of athletics events such as table tennis, football and hoops are hold in Changchun. Just in 2005, the local jocks won over 10 international gold decorations. The 6th Asia Winter Games is scheduled to be held from January 26 to February 10, in Changchun 2007. At present, the readyings for the extroverted athleticss jamboree are under sooth procedure ( Changchun authorities, 2008 ) . No.6th Asia Winter Games Emblem Tourism Changchun has enjoyed a relatively rapid development of its tourer industry in the 1990s. It had formed a preliminary touristry system with a co-ordinated development of six factors ; it contains nutrient, adjustment, conveyance, sightseeing, shopping and amusement. The maps of the metropolis s touristry have become progressively conspicuous. Changchun has begun to take form the tourer attractive forces and the assortments of tourer merchandises have increased. The metropolis has 23 scenic sites open to tourer and has formed a series of top-quality and varied tourer merchandises. Among them, the Jinyue Pool, Changchun Film City, Kalun Lake vacation resort, Weihuang Palace, Nanhu Park and Shuangyang Tourist Area were taken form, received more than 100,000 visitants yearly ( China Tourist Cities, 2010 ) . Plan Security Security issue is the first and basic status to supply an first-class Winter Youth Olympic Games. During the games, the chief duties of security section include: ticket and safety review in each locale ; to assure all the take parting people and their life topographic point, locales, fire installations, emptying paths are safety in the period of the game ; responsible for societal order and the traffic order care ; promise some related activities of the Winter Youth Olympic Games is safety and security ; make a good security guard work for national leaders, very important persons and close cooperation with the Provincial Public Security Guard Bureau ( Zhang, 2006 ) . Transportation system During the Youth Olympic Games, the commission establishes one specified route screen all surround locales for the Winter Youth Olympic Games. It can assure all the jocks and functionaries arrival on clip for the lucifer. In add-on, the dial figure 12319 will supply 24 hours traffic counsel service in the period of the Winter Youth Olympic Games ( Liu, 2007 ) . Venues Changchun Wuhuan Arena Changchun Wuhuan Arena, it will host the unfastened and close ceremonial, short-track hurrying skating and figure skating events during the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games. This sphere was built in 1994 ; it entire building country is 31192 square metres and there has a seating capacity of 11,428 audiences. In the sphere, there have the VIP room, referee anteroom, male and female cabinets, doping control room, clinic and pressroom. This locale has been keeping many international degree athletics events, such as No.9 National Winter Game and its short-track hurrying skating event ; World Cup of the short-track hurrying skating ; Asia and the Pacific country ice hockey event and National Figure Skating Championship ( Changchun Wuhuan Arena, 2007 ) . Fuao Hockey Arena Fuao Hockey Arena, it will host the ice hockey event. This sphere has been hold the No.6 Asia Winter Games -Men s hockey event, it is the first professional ice hockey sphere in Jilin state. The Fuao Hockey Arena began to utilize from June 2006, it contains the international standard degree short-track skating and ice hockey resort area. Furthermore, the sphere includes the anteroom room for official, press newsman, referee and jock, doping control room and clinic room other multifunctional services ( Fuao Hockey Arena, 2007 ) . Beidahu Lake Ski Resort Jilin Beidahu Lake ski resort will host all the snow events during the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games. It was built in 1993 and the distance with metropolis centre has 53 kilometres, 141 kilometres off from Changchun. Beidahu Lake ski resort is the largest, advanced engineering and best nature resource ski field in China. Meanwhile, it is the of import preparation bases and ice and snow touristry centre. The entire ski country is 17.5 square kilometres ; the chief peak lift of Nanloushan is 1404.8 metres, is the highest extremum in Jilin state. There are three sides by mountains and good conditions for snow events, such as little air current in the winter, the temperature, snow deepness and quality. At present, there are bing 11 alpine snow roads with entire length of 20 kilometres. The largest ski incline is 32 grades and 7 grades of the minimal incline. There have 7 ski lifts are matched ; One ski ring for the cross state event ; One shot scope for the biathlon event ; Two platforms ; One ski leap platform for forward passs freestyle event ( Beidahu Lake Ski Resort, 2007 ) . No.6 Asia Winter Games in Beidahu in 2007 The top position trail map of Beidahu Lake Ski Resort The lift of Nanlou Mountain is 1404.8 metres ( on the left side ) The lift of Dadingzi Mountain is 1221.5 metres ( on the right side ) Media service The Main Press Center will turn up in the Changchun citizen fittingness Centre. In here, the written imperativeness and lensmans merely need click the mouse so can utilize the cyberspace of high velocity computing machine. In add-on, the Main Press Center besides provides limitless on-line service for the newsman brings their ain laptop. In the Main Press Center, there have the Press Conference Hall, imperativeness working country, imperativeness remainder country and incorporate service country. In each locale, it besides set up sub-press centre to concentrate on one event consequence. On the other manus, from the short path velocity skating, figure skating, velocity skating, a curling and ice hockey locale to the Main Press Center does non transcend 500 metres for walking. Adjustment Due to the figure of engagement jock, the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games commission does non to construct a new athlete adjustment, instead than to the full utilize the Changchun hotels to supply all the jocks and referees adjustment. One side, it can cut down the outgo of the organisation commission, the other side it is a good chance to excite the local cordial reception industry development. Volunteer The voluntary of the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games will be divided into two parts: the event voluntary and the metropolis voluntary. The event voluntary will enroll from the local universities in Jilin state. The chief ground is the university pupil have passion, linguistic communication ability and easy to pass on with these immature jocks. It besides can recommend the Changchun and China s civilization. The metropolis voluntary chiefly recruits from the local occupants, because they are familiar with local environment and can supply the best service for the tourers and audiences. Funding chances Broadcast rights Buying the broadcast medium rights are the best trails to spread out their planetary media coverage. Merely the Television station has own the broadcast right of 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games, it has entitled to populate airing the game s unfastened and close ceremonial and each event. Therefore, the monetary value of the game s broadcast right will convey to the metropolis a immense gross. Corporate sponsorship The 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games Organization Committee will keep this game s market publicity activity to the planetary market. The 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games sponsorship plan including three degrees: spouses, patrons and providers. Each sponsorship degree will put a benchmark monetary value. Harmonizing to the different monetary values of sponsorship, the patrons will have different return gross from the organisation commission, such as the sole rights of related industry or merchandise, the right of usage the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games emblem, the calling right of single event, every bit good as gap and shutting ceremonials and advertisement gross during the game. Ticket gross revenues Harmonizing to the mascot as the chief sub-graphic design, the ticket for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games will plan the in writing base of ocular acknowledgment system of this Winter Youth Olympic Games. Another side, the ticket security has high tech, integrated, three dimensional and omni-directional three-base hit design for the security. It takes a combination of inexplicit and expressed anti-counterfeiting engineering. Therefore, the security cheque system can place the genuineness of the ticket rapidly. The ticket gross revenues of the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games will be divided into two stages, the first stage is the ticket reserve stage and the 2nd stage is the single event ticket gross revenues. Meanwhile, the Winter Youth Olympic Games organisation commission will be set up the merchandising points in Changchun and Jilin metropoliss. On the official web site of the games, it will put up a ticketing agent and accepts online booking service. Licensing and Merchandise The accredited ware of the Winter Youth Olympic Game is the of import selling bearer for the game. The organisation commission of the game will establish the assortments of mascot goods, such as plush plaything, metal decorations, cherished metal decorations, badges, cast albums, paper film editing, jade and sand pictures. Harmonizing to the merchandise quality, the monetary value of these Youth Olympic merchandises is different. Surely, the Youth Olympic Games mascot plaything and badges will go the biggest launch and high spots of the accredited ware. Bequest After the 12 event yearss, the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games will go forth more good bequests for the Changchun metropolis. Equally far as the economic development of Changchun, through held the international degree athleticss event, it should advance a larger figure of industries gross and better the local people employment state of affairs ; particularly it will spread out the athletics and related industries development in the following few old ages. Meanwhile, Changchun can take this great chance to demo their civilization and touristry in the period of the games. This besides should convey a bright hereafter for the touristry and cordial reception industries of Changchun. Additionally, the Youth Olympic Games will convey to the immature people one perish pick to pass on with other foreign states immature people because some civilization activities will be held during the games. Again, the voluntary experience for the pupil will be a great luck in their future life. Thereby, th e voluntary experience of this game will go the best practical instance for Changchun to use other mega athletics events in the hereafter. As a consequence, Changchun hopes to go forth the undermentioned three words: SNOW, YOUTH and FUTURE as the feeling for the immature people from all over the universe.

The Mystery of North Americas Black Wolves

The Mystery of North America's Black Wolves Despite their name, gray wolves (Canis lupus) are not always just gray. These canids  can also have black or white coats; the ones with black coats are referred to, logically enough, as black wolves. The frequencies of the various coat shades and colors prevailing within  a wolf population often vary with habitat. For example, wolf packs that live in open tundra  consist mostly of  light-colored individuals; the pale coats of these wolves allow them to blend in with their surroundings and conceal themselves when pursuing caribou, their primary prey. On the other hand, wolf packs living in boreal forests contain higher proportions of dark-colored individuals, as their murky habitat enables darker-colored individuals to blend in. Of all the color variations in Canis lupus, the black individuals are the most intriguing. Black wolves are so colored because of a genetic mutation in their K locus gene. This mutation causes a condition known as melanism, an increased presence of dark pigmentation which causes an individual to be colored black (or nearly black). Black wolves are also intriguing because of their distribution; there are significantly more black wolves in North America than there are in Europe.   To better understand the genetic underpinnings of black wolves, a team of scientists from Stanford University, UCLA, Sweden, Canada, and Italy recently assembled under the leadership of Stanfords Dr. Gregory Barsh; this group analyzed the DNA sequences of 150 wolves (about half of which were black) from Yellowstone National Park. They wound up piecing together a surprising genetic story, stretching back tens of thousands of years to a time when early humans were breeding domestic canines in favor of darker varieties. It turns out that the presence of black individuals in Yellowstones wolf packs is the result of deep historical mating between black domestic dogs and gray wolves. In the distant past, humans bred dogs in favor of darker, melanistic individuals, thus increasing the abundance of melanism in domestic dog populations. When domestic dogs interbred with wild wolves, they helped to bolster melanism in wolf populations as well. Unraveling the deep genetic past of any animal is a tricky business. Molecular analysis provides scientists with a way to estimate when genetic shifts could have occurred in the past, but its usually impossible to attach a firm date to such events. Based on genetic analysis, Dr. Barshs team estimated that the melanism mutation in canids arose sometime between 13,000 and 120,00 years ago (with the most likely date being about 47,000 years ago). Since dogs were domesticated around 40,000 years ago, this evidence fails to confirm whether the melanism mutation arose first in wolves or domestic dogs. But the story does not end there. Because melanism is far more prevalent in North American wolf populations than it is in European wolf populations, this  suggests that the cross between domestic dogs populations (rich in melanistic forms) likely occurred in North America. Using the data collected, study co-author Dr. Robert Wayne has dated the presence of domestic dogs in Alaska to about 14,000 years ago. He and his colleagues are now investigating ancient dog remains from that time and location to determine whether (and to what degree) melanism was present in those ancient domestic dogs. Edited on February 7, 2017, by Bob Strauss

The ethical topic is Doctors giving narcotic orders for nurses to Essay

The ethical topic is Doctors giving narcotic orders for nurses to carry out to addicts even though the doctors know their patie - Essay Example The conclusion will be evident that nurses must keep the patients’ best interests at heart as they seek to be the patient advocate and do no harm. Ethical Dilemma: Doctors Giving Orders for Nurses to Carry Out to Addicts Even Though the Doctors Know Their Patients Are Addicted to the Narcotics There are many documented instances where nurses have been placed in ethical situations when it comes to following doctors’ orders. One of these situations is whether or not to carry out those orders if they mean giving narcotics to known addicts. Revised over the years, the Nurse’s Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements strictly conveys the importance of accountability and patient advocacy. Primary to the subject matter of this article are several Provisions directly stated in the Code. In Provision 2, â€Å"The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group or community.† Provision 3 st ates, â€Å"The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient,† And Provision 4 reads,â€Å"The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient care.† To gain a clearer understanding of the scope of ethics in relation to the subject matter, a definition of some terms would be beneficial. â€Å"Ethics† is defined by Merriam-Webster as â€Å"a set of moral principles: a theory or system of moral values† (ethics, 2011), while the American Heritage Dictionary defines a â€Å"narcotic† as â€Å" an addictive drug, such as opium, that reduces pain, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor† (narcotic, 2011). In the article â€Å"Nurses Struggle with Ethical Dilemmas,† Christine Mitchell (RN, MS, FAAN, Director of Ethics at Bo ston Children’s Hospital and Associate Director of Clinical Ethics at Harvard Medical School in Cambridge, Massachusetts) is quoted as saying, â€Å"The important thing is for nurses to listen to their inner voices and ask themselves, ‘Are we doing the right thing?’ Pay attention to that voice.† (Boivin, 2009) In seeking to do the right thing, the nurse must minister to the whole person, as Marg Hutchison quotes Joyce Travelbee in â€Å"Unity and Diversity in Spiritual Care,†A nurse does not only seek to alleviate physical pain or render physical care - she ministers to the whole person. The existence of suffering, whether physical, mental or spiritual is the proper concern of the nurse.† (Hutchison, 1998) In adhering to this principle, the Hospice Patient’s Alliance focuses on five rights of drug administration that apply to nurses employed in any medical setting. These rights, as listed in the article â€Å"Dangers of Leaving Medicat ions Out† include the right patient, drug or medication, dose of medication, route of administration, and time (frequency). (The Hospice Patient’s Alliance) The nurse must, therefore, forever be aware of the patient’s best interests. It is obvious that serious consequences could occur if either of these rights was violated. In the process of giving medication to patients, the nurse might question why the doctor would prescribe narcotics to a known addict. There lingers the possibility that the nurse may be unaware of the total reasoning behind a doctor’s orders. Perhaps the patient is seeking chronic pain relief. Perhaps it is a

The Beer Industry in the United States Term Paper

The Beer Industry in the United States - Term Paper Example Throughout the world, brewing or the preparation of beer exists as an activity that even offers financial gains. As a point of fact, the United States of America is the leader in terms of beer production (Kirin Holdings, 2009). Not including the home brewers, United States has an estimate of 1700 breweries having the Anheuser - Busch Inc., the MillerCoors Brewing Corporation and the Pabst Brewing Company consecutively as its top three giant companies in terms of sales (Brewers Association, 2010). Nonetheless, despite the case that America comes to be number one in the production of beer around the world, it lags behind a number of countries, in particular, those in Europe, in terms of consumption making US ranked only second to China in total consumption and only 16th in the world in per capita consumption (Kirin Holdings, 2009). ... Third, it endeavors to understand what beer is in the American context. Fourth, it also seeks to define the structure of the American beer industry through looking at the top brewing companies and the craft breweries or microbreweries. Last, it aspires to take a particular look on the brewing at the domestic level. The need to explore the beer industry in American context can backed up by the reason that beer has always been part of the American culture. Beer has held its prominence to almost everyone existing in the world. Likewise, it is of interesting position that the United States is the leader of beer production. However, the beer industry in United States is not known to most of us. That is what this paper wants to shed light on. The significance of this paper is that it contributes to an understanding of what the beer industry looks like in the American context. Review of Related Literatures This part of the paper will first present a general idea of the available literatures about the beer industry in the United States. This review aims to offer a cursory outlook at how the range of presented data is sought to address the problem of this paper. In order to grasp a deeper understanding of the beer industry in the context of United States, this section is categorized into the following segments namely: a) A Brief Historical Account of Beer Industry in United States, b) The Beer Industry and the Different Types of Beers, c) The Beer Terminology in the United States, d) The Structure of the American Beer Industry, e) An Overview of Top 3 Brewing Companies in the United States, f) A Look at the Microbreweries, and g) Understanding Home Brewing. Meanwhile, it is deemed important to note that the reviewed books, articles and other materials

Metaphysics Essay 3 Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics Essay 3 Essay PLEASE WRITE A 1250-1500 WORD ESSAY IN RESPONSE TO THE PROMPT STATED BELOW. IN WRITING THIS ESSAY, YOU SHOULD USE THE TEXTBOOK AND CLASSROOM DISCUSSION AS YOUR FOUNDATION. YOU SHOULD NOT TRY TO SUMMARIZE THE READING ASSIGNMENTS IN TURN, BUT ONLY THOSE PARTS THAT ARE RELEVANT TO DEALING WITH THE PROMPT AND FOR SETTING UP AND HELPING TO EXPLAIN THE CRITICAL REMARKS IN YOUR PAPER. IN THIS PAPER YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR OWN THESIS TO DEFEND ABOUT THE QUESTION IDENTIFIED IN THE PROMPT. YOU ARE NOT REQUIRED TO USE ANY SOURCES OTHER THAN THE ONES FOR THIS UNIT AND YOUR OWN MIND. HOWEVER, YOU ARE PERMITTED TO USE SUCH ADDITIONAL SOURCES. FOR ANY SOURCES YOU USE, EXCEPT YOUR OWN MIND, YOU SHOULD PROVIDE DOCUMENTATION IN ONE OF THE USUAL WAYS. THIS INCLUDES THIS COURSE=S TEXTBOOK, AND APPLIES BOTH TO SUMMARIZED AND PARAPHRASED MATERIAL DRAWN FROM ANY OF THESE SOURCES. THE PAPER SHOULD BE WORD PROCESSED AND PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF A PAPER, NOT OF AN EXAM. IN OTHER WORDS, THERE SHOULD BE A TITLE AND INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH WHERE YOUR THESIS IS CLEARLY STATED AND THE PLAN OF YOUR DISCUSSION EXPLAINED. THIS IS LIKE A UNIT EXAM, BUT I WISH TO MAKE THIS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO PRACTICE THE MECHANICS OF PAPER WRITING. Prompt BEGIN BY EXPLAINING WHY THE QUESTION OF WHY THERE IS SOMETHING RATHER THAN NOTHING CAN REASONABLY BECOME THE QUESTION OF WHETHER THERE ARE ANY NECESSARY BEINGS. NEXT DESCRIBE TWO WAYS OF ARGUING FOR THE EXISTENCE OF A NECESSARY BEING. (THERE IS MORE THAN ONE WAY IN EACH OF THE CHAPTERS. ) COMPARE AND CONTRAST YOUR SELECTED TWO WAYS AND DEFEND A THESIS ABOUT WHICH OF THE TWO SEEMS A BETTER (OR LESS WORSE) WAY TO ARGUE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF A NECESSARY BEING.

Comparing Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night and After a Time Essays

Comparing Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night and After a Time Dylan Thomas' "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" and Catherine Davis' "After a Time" demand comparison: Davis' poem was written in deliberate response to Thomas'. Davis assumes the reader's familiarity with "Do Not Go Gentle," which she uses to articulate her contrasting ideas. "After a Time," although it is a literary work in its own right, might even be thought of as serious parody--perhaps the greatest compliment one writer can pay another. "Do Not Go Gentle in That Good Night" was written by a young man of thirty-eight who addresses it to his old and ailing father. It is interesting to note that the author himself had very little of his own self-destructive life left as he was composing this piece. Perhaps that is why he seems to have more insight into the subject of death than most people of his age. He advocates raging and fighting against it, not giving in and accepting it. "After a Time" was written by a woman of about the same age and is addressed to no one in particular. Davis has a different philosophy about death. She "answers" Thomas's poem and presents her differing views using the same poetic form--a villanelle. Evidently, she felt it necessary to present a contrasting point of view eight years after Thomas's death. While "Do Not Go Gentle" protests and rages against death, Davis's poem suggests a quiet resignation and acquiescence. She seems to feel that raging against death is useless and profitless. She argues that we will eventually become tame, anyway, after the raging is done. At the risk of sounding sexist, I think it interesting that the man rages and the woman submits, as if the traditi... ...much sensory suggestiveness. She gives us "things lot,' a "reassuring ruse," and "all losses are the same." Her most powerful image--"And we go striped at last the way we came"==makes its point with none of the excitement of Thomas's rage. And yet, I prefer the quiet intelligence of Davis to the high energy of Thomas. "And we go stripped at last the way we came" can give strange comfort and solace to those of us who always envied those in high places. Death is a great leveler. People are not all created equal at birth, not by a long shot. But we will bloody well all be equal when we make our final exit. Kings, pope, and heads of state will go just as "stripped" as the rest of us. They won't get to take anything with them. All wealth, power, and trappings will b left behind. We will all finally and ultimately be equal. So why rage? It won't do us any good.

How UPS Delivers Objective Performance Appraisals Essay

Executive Summary: In the analysis below you will read about UPS and how they deliver objective performance appraisals. You will gain an understanding of how the implementation of PDAs has standardized their evaluation process. It will further explain why UPS is not a people-centered company, how they incorporate the critical incidents appraisal technique, the legally defensibility of their evaluation program, how they don’t cross the thin line between supervision and â€Å"snoopervision† and what they can do to improve their driver evaluation program. Background: For the United Parcel Service (UPS) determining if objectivity is accurately being used during a review is a difficult process but an important one. The implementation of personal digital assistants (PDAs) has helped ensure the use of objectivity by standardizing the evaluation process through software. During reviews supervisors conduct ride-alongs with their employees to ensure procedures and policies are being followed. Before the introduction of companywide checklists through the PDAs there was no way of knowing if every employee was receiving the same evaluation and being evaluated on the same scale. PDAs have given supervisors the ability to stay contacted to things such as e-mail while quickly identifying training needs and allowing access to training resources. UPS has seen the advantages of PDAs and will continue to put more in the field as they ensure objectivity and provide a solid structure for employee evaluations. Analysis: According to (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2008) on page 273 Jeffrey Pfeffer found a connection between people-centered practices, higher profits, and lower employee turnover. He also identified seven people-centered practices three of which directly relate to this case. The first practice is employee empowerment through decentralization and self-managed teams. Decentralization according to (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2008)on page 254 is â€Å"management’s sharing of decision-making authority with lower-level employees.† In this case UPS has decided that supervisors instead of upper  management such as human resources would conduct ride-alongs to evaluate how well their employees are performing and following procedures. The second practice is sharing of key information. With the implementation of PDAs supervisors are always connected to e-mail and other important resources. The PDAs have made the evaluation process more uniform throughout the company and give supervisors the ability to quickly transfer information when they get back to the office. The third practice is comprehensive training. Supervisors can use the PDAs in the field to walk employees through applied methods and identify training needs. Although three of the seven people-centered practices relate to this case according to Pfeffer the seven practices are an integrated package that should not be implemented piecemeal and for this reason he would not call UPS a people-centered company. According to (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2008) on page 280 performance appraisal is â€Å"evaluating job performance as a basis for personnel decisions.† Based on the information in the case UPS is using the critical incidents technique. The critical incidents technique mentioned in (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2008) on page 281 states, â€Å"Specific instances of inferior and superior performance are documented by the supervisor when they occur.† By conducting ride-alongs with the employees supervisors are in a perfect situation to fulfill the requirements of this technique. The PDAs with the checklists which are the same and used by everyone throughout the company ensure employees are being evaluated on the same procedures and policies and that supervisors are using the same evaluation scale when determining job performance. To avoid legal action when evaluating an employee’s performance according to (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2008) on page 280 employers need to base their appraisal systems on the following four criteria, job analysis, behavior oriented, specific written instructions, and reviewed results. UPS with the implementation of PDAs has clearly satisfied these requirements. Preloaded software has turned th e evaluation process into a standard procedure while identifying and outlining the specific tasks and skills required for an employee to be successful. A series of checklists describing in detail the employee’s duties give supervisors the ability to objectively rate individual performance no matter who is giving the evaluation or where it is taking place. During an evaluation if an employee is not following procedures supervisors have the ability to show them in the  field the proper way it needs to be done. After the evaluation the supervisor has everything needed to give direct feedback and suggestions to the employee so they have a clear understanding of how they are doing and how performance can be improved. Snoopervision is a management style involving spying and intrusive practices. With this definition in mind UPS does not cross the thin line between supervision and snoopervision. Ride-alongs by supervisors are common practice and the best indicator of an employee’s performance. The implementation of PDAs have simply given the employee a fair chance at receiving an honest evaluation based solely on how they preform by standardizing the evaluation process companywide. For most employees in the U.S. a growing concern of their employer looking over their shoulder and violating their right to privacy is becoming more and m ore evident as technology evolves. In the case of UPS this shouldn’t be a concern because the implementation of technology is not being used to spy or to implement intrusive practices but to properly train and keep employees safe while preforming their job. After reading the case I think the implementation of the PDAs have greatly improved the driver evaluation program. PDAs offer a companywide standardized evaluation process with easy access to information required to properly evaluate, train, and give feedback to employees. Moving forward a concentrated effort by upper management needs to be placed on making sure the employees are retaining and transferring information provided to them during the evaluation process to the job. They should also get feedback from their employees on how they viewed the evaluation program, if they gained the knowledge and skills intended, and if any improvements are being made. Implementing post-evaluation surveys and quizzes would serve as quick and easy indicators for superviso rs if employees are actually learning and understanding the information they are receiving through the evaluation program. Insights / Recommendations: Researching this case has given me a better understanding of how important the seven people-centered practices are to an organization and why only 12 percent of organizations are currently considered people-centered. It has opened my eyes to the performance appraisal process and how important it is for employers to ensure legal defensibility of their appraisals. Acquiring  knowledge and information from employees is the key to properly gaining an understanding of how well an evaluation process is working and if any changes need to be made. Moving forward UPS simply needs to continue implementing procedures and policies that ensure the use of objectivity during employee evaluations. Supervisors need to fully understand these procedures and policies and make sure they continue to evaluate based on the guidelines listed in the checklists. Assuring proper retention and transfer of knowledge to the job will be an ongoing process and should be evaluated by ride-alongs with the use of pos t training surveys and quizzes. For success to continue in the organization communication along with up-to-date resources are key and it will be the responsibility of upper management to make sure both have a strong presence within the organization. .

Marketing Mix Essay

Broadly speaking, in order to maximise profits, different firms use distinct tools to perform strategy and decisions, such as SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis and marketing mix analysis. In terms of the marketing mix, as an important concept in the subject of business studies, it refers to â€Å"a balance between the four main elements of marketing [is] needed to carry out the marketing strategy. It consists of the ‘4ps’: product, price, promotion and place† (MarcouseÃŒ  and Surridge et al., 2011:141). Firms can build an effective marketing strategy by using the marketing mix as a tool, and it is possible that business will fail if the marketing mix is not correct. The aim of the essay is to analyse elements of the marketing mix. Initially, it will discuss four elements, which are the product, price, place and promotion respectively. Then, it will evaluate the most vital component in the marketing mix, which is the product. The first component of the marketing mix is the product. â€Å"A product is a good or service produced by a business or organization, and made available to the public for consumption† (Ashwin and Merrills et al., 2008). Each product has a different feature, which could be the unique selling points of them. Roams and Cota (2008:152) attempt to define this term is, â€Å"A unique selling point (USP) is a short statement that explains why a customer should buy from you instead of your competitorsin†. For example, Apple Corporation has a unique and independent operation system for their iPhone. It has been argued that there are three levels of product, first of which is core or generic product (Levitt, 1986:361). This is the basic and general physical product, in other words, it is the product that has minimum features and the consumer would expect it to have. In a microwave oven example, it should have enough space inside to put food and it would be expected to work effectively. The second level of the product is known as actual or tangible product. This is, touchable and physical property of the product. Young (2008:130) suggests this level of product will contain the product’s name, style, brand name, label, packaging and quality level. This level of product provides a material and a clearer image of the product to customers. The next and last level is called augmented product. Leader and Kyritsis (1990:12) explain this product provides privileges and additional services to the consumer; it also can reflect the differentiation of the product. For instance, services such as free delivery, discounts and additional purchases. The second element of the marketing mix is price. There are two main factors can determine the price of product, which is price elasticity and pricing strategy respectively. Blythe (2012:154) examines the elasticity of demand will illustrate that different categories have different extent of sensitivity when the price changes. Consequently, it could help firms make a better decision when they set the price. Thompson and Machin (2003:65) support that, â€Å"a business must know how responsive their products are to price changes so that they can assess the potential impact of, say, special offers or a price increase†. The next factor is the pricing strategy. Also, it is more imperative than price elasticity when firms make their price decisions. Firms use a serious of pricing strategies, however, the pricing method of cost plus is used most commonly, which is the basic form of all pricing decisions. It refers to a business calculates the average cost and then add a mark-up to the final selling price. Ashwin and Merrills (2008:347) point out another price strategy is called discriminatory pricing; this means a firm set different price for different target groups. As the description from Thompson and Machin (2003:65), discriminatory price refers to â€Å"different price is charged to different group people at different times†. For instance, a cinema charges a different price for students and adults. Besides, it charges different for daytime and evening showings as well. In addition, psychology-pricing strategy is also used quite frequently in supermarkets. For example, Morrison’s sell a bottle of milk  £1.99 rather than  £2, hence customers will perceive the price as being lower. Levitt (1986) argues discriminatory pricing mainly relies on emotional responses from the consumer. The third component in the marketing mix is the place. It concerns the way in which a product is distributed. Stimpson (2005:16) points out â€Å"the ‘place’ decision involves making the product or service available to  consumers in the most appropriate way†. Distribution channel as the most important factor could affect the decision of the place. There are numbers of factors can determine how the product is distributed. Blythe (2012:173) suggests one of them is the marketing aim. The increasing scale raised enterprise intends to expand as wide a distribution as possible. Furthermore, legal restrictions should be regarded as well. Stone (2001) states there are numerous products are not permitted to sell in some places. For instance, it is forbidden to sell the alcohol at the petrol station. In general, direct distribution, retailers, wholesalers and agent are four core channels of distribution. Direct distribution is the producers sell products to customers directly without intermediaries. Blythe (2012:175) explains this, â€Å"direct distribution channels are typical of personal services such as hairdressing†. For retailers, it is an organization that offers goods to customers. Tesco and Wal-Mart, for example. In addition, Koter (2005) describes that, in many market, wholesalers act as a link between producers and consumers. Wholesalers usually buy goods from manufacturers then sell goods to the final consumers or retailers. In contrast, agents do not actually purchase goods; they only help manufacturers to sell. Thompson and Machin (2003:80) claim that, â€Å" agent never actually owns a product, they usually connect buyers and sellers and manage the transfer of the good†. The final element in the marketing mix is promotion. Promotion is not only advertising but also a communication tool between producers and consumers. â€Å"promotion is about communicating with customers and potential customers† (Ashwin and Merrills et al., 2008:331). Promotion is essential for a product because it is able to increase the demand for products. Young (2008) suggests promotion can raise emotion, concern or awareness for products or issues. In addition, promotion can protect and preserve the market share as well. The methods of above the line and below the line are two main types methods of promotion. As for above the line promotion, it refers to a firm uses the advertising media but does not has direct control. The most recognizable  face of advertising is television. Because of it can provide the introduction of product with colorful images. Wolinski and Coates (2008:373) state that, â€Å"television has the advantage of being memorable, as it can present both moving images and sound†. Thompson and Machin (2003:74) examines the below the line promotion includes promotional media over which the firm has control. For example, personal selling, it means a salesman or a sales team who regularly visits consumers in person. Having introduced each element of the marketing mix, the essay will now evaluate the most crucial element in the marketing mix – product. There are two principal reasons for product as the most important element in the marketing mix. First of all, product as the key component makes the entirely process of the link between customers and producers possible. Amount of sales promotion and price reduction will not help an enterprise to achieve their market target if the product is not appropriate and attractable. Stimpson (2005:24) agrees with this view that, â€Å" a balance and integrated mix is essential, but without a product that offers customers real and distinctive benefits, even the best-laid marketing plans can be wasted†. In the mean time, Kazmi (2007), in her work, Marketing Management, suggests that the product or service is the most vital element, without a good product, you have nothing. Furthermore, Adcock and Halborg (2001) sustains that the attention of customers will be attracted if a firm can develop a high quality product, hence, the profits that the firm makes will increase. As a result, the pote ntial for business success is significantly enhanced. The second reason is that products enable to decide a firm’s profits, sales, market share, image, reputation and stature. Additionally, product can also determine the scope and direction of a company’s activity. Product acts a heart in the whole marketing mix. Most of the scholars support that view. Stimpson (2005:24) points out that, â€Å"the product is usually considered to be the most important component of the marketing mix†. Stone (2001) believed that in most case the product itself is the key to a successful marketing mix. However, there will be instances that when other components dominate  the marketing mix. Wolinski and Coates (2008:346) argues that, â€Å" At a festival, only one type of bottled water might be available, so the place is the most important factor†. In contrast, Baker (1991) claims when consumer with limited money might choose the product with the lower price, this is due to consumer has insufficient resources to purchase additi onal products. In this case, price is the most significant component. To recapitulate, the essay has introduced and analysed four elements – product, price, place and promotion in the marketing mix. Marketing mix as a tool is able to help firms make efficient business plan and strategy. Each element is playing a very vital role in the marketing mix. Furthermore, the essay has identified the product is the most crucial part since the product is the key component linking between the producers and consumers. It can be concluded that all the elements in the marketing are essential and necessary, while in the most case, product is the most essential component in the marketing mix. An enterprise should coordinate and integrate the four elements so that the firm can build an efficient marketing strategy and achieves more profits as possible. Reference list: Ashwin, A., Merrills, S. and Thompson, R. 2008. Collins biz/ed AS business studies. London: Collins Educational. Baker, M.(1991) Marketing, An Introductory Text, 5th edn. London: Macmillan Education Ltd. Blythe, J. 2012. Essentials of marketing. 5th edn. Harlow: Pearson. Felina C. Young and Cristobal M. Pagoso. 2008. Principles of Marketing 1st edn. Manila: Red Book Store. Kotler, P. 2005. Principles of marketing. 4th edn. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall/FinancialTimes. Leader, W. G. and Kyritsis, N. 1990. Fundamentals of marketing. New edn. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. Levitt,T.: 1986. The Marketing Imagination. New York: Free express. MarcouseÃŒ , I., Surridge, M. and Gillespie, A. 2011. Business studies for A level. Abingdon, Oxon [UK]: Hodder Education. Ramos, A. and Cota, S. 2008. Search Engine Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stimpson, P. 2005. Place. Business Review, 11:4-16 Stimpson, P. 2004. The Product Decision. Business Review, 11:1-24 Stone, P. 2001. Make Marketing Work for you. Oxford: How To Books. Thompson, R. and Machin, D. 2003. AS Business Studies.1st edn. London: Collins Educational Wolinski, J. and Coates, G. 2008. AQA AS business studies. 2nd edn. Deddington, Oxfordshire: Philip Allan Updates. a

What makes a good student - all the useful tips to get a hold of!

What makes a good student - all the useful tips to get a hold of! Weve all heard the lectures. Being a good student means going to class, putting on your listening ears, taking notes, and getting those assignments in on time. And for the most part, this advice is correct. Students who get good grades basically do this. If you are not getting the grades you want, however, here are a few tricks that will help you figure out how to become a better student. Pay Attention in Class Sorry, but there is important stuff in those lectures and slides, and you are going to have to focus on the information you are being given. So, heres what you do. Sit in the front row I know, its painful, but youll be thankful later on. Stop texting and put our phone in camera mode Listen to the lecture, take notes, and get a picture of every slide and of everything your professor puts on that white board. Use zoom so it is really readable later on. Make eye contact with our instructor or professor and nod your head often its impressive When You Get Back to Your Room Type up your notes and make a folder for them on your desktop. Just typing them puts them in your head again, and, when you pull them out to study for a test, your memory will be better. And transfer those pictures into that folder too. Date your notes and the photos so you know they go together. Stop Procrastinating With Those Assignments The daily assignments are mostly reading, so the only smart thing to do is not get behind by putting it off. People have tried that old trick of putting the book under their pillows at night hoping to absorb the content it doesnt work. As you read, take notes on your computer If you do this, you have condensed the content and you dont have to re-read the text the night before the final. This does work. Are you getting the idea now? Learning how to be a better student is really learning how to get more organized. Accept Your Failings You are not perfect, and there are those long-range assignments that tend to creep up without your conscious awareness. All of a sudden they are due those essays and papers and you go into panic mode. There isnt enough time. You have a couple of options: Heres where the finesse comes in. remember how you have been sitting in the front row, looking intently and nodding? It may come in handy now. Go see that professor and ask for an extension. You might just get it, since s/he thinks youre a serious student. When all else fails, or if you know our writing skill development stopped somewhere back in middle school, find a reputable online writing service, and get those papers ordered up. So, what makes a good student? Exactly what you are doing now, if you follow these tips!

Sample College Transfer Essay for Admission

Sample College Transfer Essay for Admission The following sample essay was written by a student named David. He wrote the transfer essay below for the Common Transfer Application in response to the prompt, Please provide a statement that addresses your reasons for transferring and the objectives you hope to achieve (250 to 650 words). David is attempting to transfer from Amherst College to the University of Pennsylvania. As far as admissions standards go, this is a lateral move- both schools are extremely selective.  His letter will need to be extremely strong for his transfer application to be successful. Key Takeaways: A Winning Transfer Essay Have a clear academic reason for your transfer. Personal reasons are fine, but academics need to come first.Stay positive. Dont speak badly of your current school. Emphasize what you like about your target school, not what you dislike about your current school.Be meticulous. Grammar, punctuation, and style matter. Show that you put time and care into your writing. David's Transfer Application Essay During the summer after my first year of college, I spent six weeks volunteering at an archaeological excavation in Hazor, site of the largest tel (mound) in Israel. My time in Hazor was not easy- wake-up came at 4:00 a.m., and by noontime temperatures were often in the 90s. The dig was sweaty, dusty, back-breaking work. I wore out two pairs of gloves and the knees in several pairs of khakis. Nevertheless, I loved every minute of my time in Israel. I met interesting people from around the world, worked with amazing students and faculty from Hebrew University, and became fascinated with the current efforts to create a portrait of life in the Canaanite period. Upon my return to Amherst College for my sophomore year, I soon came to realize that the school does not offer the exact major I now hope to pursue. Im majoring in anthropology, but the program at Amherst is almost entirely contemporary and sociological in its focus. More and more my interests are becoming archaeological and historical. When I visited Penn this fall, I was impressed by the breadth of offerings in anthropology and archaeology, and I absolutely loved your Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Your broad approach to the field with emphases on understanding both the past and present has great appeal to me. By attending Penn, I hope to broaden and deepen my knowledge in anthropology, participate in more summer field work, volunteer at the museum, and eventually, go on to graduate school in archaeology. My reasons for transferring are almost entirely academic. I have made many good friends at Amherst, and I have studied with some wonderful professors. However, I do have one non-academic reason for being interested in Penn. I originally applied to Amherst because it was comfortable- I come from a small town in Wisconsin, and Amherst felt like home. Im now looking forward to pushing myself to experience places that arent quite so familiar. The kibbutz at Kfar HaNassi was one such environment, and the urban environment of Philadelphia would be another. As my transcript shows, I have done well at Amherst and I am convinced I can meet the academic challenges of Penn. I know I would grow at Penn, and your program in anthropology perfectly matches my academic interests and professional goals. Analysis of David's Transfer Essay Before we even get to Davids essay, its important to put his transfer into context. David is attempting to transfer into an  Ivy League  school. Penn is not the most selective of the countrys top universities, but the transfer acceptance rate is still around 8% (at Harvard and Stanford, that number is closer to 1%). David needs to approach this effort at transfer realistically -   even with excellent grades and a stellar essay, his chances of success are by no means guaranteed. That said, he has many things going for him - he is coming from an equally demanding college where he has earned good grades, and he seems like the type of student who will certainly succeed at Penn. He will need strong  letters of recommendation  to round out his application. Now on to the essay... David is responding to the prompt on the Common Transfer Application: Please provide a statement (250 words minimum) that addresses your reasons for transferring and the objectives you hope to achieve, and attach it to your application before submission. Lets break down the discussion of Davids transfer essay into several categories. The Reasons for Transfer The strongest feature of Davids essay is the focus. David is pleasingly specific in presenting his reasons for transferring. David knows exactly what he wants to study, and he has a clear understanding of what both Penn and Amherst have to offer him. Davids description of his experience in Israel defines the focus of his essay, and he then connects that experience to his reasons for wanting to transfer. There are lots of  bad reasons to transfer, but Davids clear interest in studying anthropology and archaeology makes his motives seem both well thought-out and reasonable. Many transfer applicants are trying to move to a new college because they are running away from some kind of bad experience, sometimes something academic, sometimes something more personal. David, however, clearly likes Amherst and is running towards something- an opportunity at Penn that better matches his newly discovered professional goals. This is a big positive factor for his application. The Length The Common Transfer Application instructions state that the essay needs to be at least 250 words. The maximum length is 650 words. Davids essay comes in at around 380 words. It is tight and concise. He doesnt waste time talking about his disappointments with Amherst, nor does he put much effort into explaining the things that other parts of his application will cover such as grades and extracurricular involvement. He does have a lot more space left to elaborate, but in this case the letter gets the job done well with few words. The Tone David gets the tone perfect, something that is difficult to do in a  transfer essay. Lets face it- if you are transferring it is because there is something about your current school that you dont like. Its easy to be negative and critical of your classes, your professors, your college environment, and so on. Its also easy to come across as a whiner or an ungenerous and angry person who doesnt have the inner resources to make the most of ones circumstances. David avoids these pitfalls. His representation of Amherst is extremely positive. He praises the school while noting that the curricular offerings do not match his professional goals. The Personality Partly because of the tone discussed above, David comes across as a pleasant person, someone who the admissions folks are likely to want to have as part of their campus community. Moreover, David presents himself as someone who likes to push himself to grow. He is honest  in  his reasons for going to Amherst- the school seemed like a good fit given his small-town upbringing. It  is, therefore, impressive to see him so actively working to expand his experiences beyond his provincial roots. David has clearly grown at Amherst, and he is looking forward to growing more at Penn. The Writing When applying to a place like Penn, the technical aspects of the writing need to be flawless. Davids prose is clear, engaging and free of errors. If you struggle on this front, be sure to check out these  tips for improving your essays style. And if grammar isnt your greatest strength, be sure to work through your essay with someone who does have strong grammar skills. A Final Word on David's Transfer Essay Davids college transfer essay does exactly what an essay needs to do, and he includes the features of a strong transfer essay. He clearly articulates his reasons for transferring, and he does so in a positive and specific way. David presents himself as a serious student with clear academic and professional goals. We have little doubt that he has the skills and intellectual curiosity to succeed at Penn, and David has made a strong argument about why this particular transfer makes a lot of sense. Odds are still against Davids success given the competitive nature of Ivy League transfers, but he has strengthened his application with his essay.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

International Marketing - Essay Example attitudes of consumer sophistication and exploiting the opportunities for blending innovations with the company’s exclusive business operations (Belderbous & Zou, 2007). Coca-Cola follows a perfect blend of standardisation and adaptation strategies for its marketing mix worldwide. It follows the standardisation approach by offering the similar range of beverages in the equivalent variants across the globe and communicates a uniform message in every international market so that the consumers can develop a strong brand image and develop associations with the same brand at a worldwide level. In order to reach the target market effectively in all its international operations, it has ensured that there is uniformity in its marketing mix that comprises of product, place, price and promotion. The foremost area of focus is the product range offered to the consumers in the international markets. It has the same logo, brand image, target market, reputation, brand loyalty, brand awareness and perceived quality in foreign markets. The success of maintaining consistency among worldwide operations is the economies of scale that it has achieved by effectively integrating all its business operations. The contributing factor of the efficient economies of scale is the competent running of a large-scale system of franchising for its operations of bottling. In terms of pricing, it has adopted a standardisation method by offering the varying variants of the products at affordable price ranges. The main aim of the company is to be the most easily accessible soft drink that people can buy anytime anywhere round the globe. For instance, it charges a constant price across the countries as it is offering consistent taste and quality to the customers by implementing the standard operating procedures and processes in all its manufacturing plants. A standard price allows consumers to trust the brand and this also adds on towards the credibility and brand loyalty of the consumers towards